The fidelity to data (external energy) term in energy-based segmentation of scalar (single channel) images requires setting scalar values defining the weights assigned to the inside and outside energy functional.These values are often determined empirically, which is a tedious and time consuming task.When it comes to color images (multi-channel), t

Abstract Intracellular vesicular transport along cytoskeletal filaments ensures targeted cargo delivery.Such transport is rarely unidirectional but rather bidirectional, with frequent directional reversals owing to the simultaneous presence of opposite-polarity motors.So far, it has been unclear Appliance Package whether such complex motility patte

Literacy is a critically important and contemporary issue for educators, scientists, and politicians.Efforts to overcome the challenges associated with illiteracy, and the subsequent development of literate societies, are closely related to those of poverty reduction and sustainable human development.In this paper, the authors examine literacy from

Host-parasite systems provide an ideal platform to study evolution at different levels, including codivergence in a historical biogeography context.In this study we aim to describe biogeographic and codivergent patterns and associated processes of the Goodeinae freshwater fish and their digenean parasite (Margotrema spp.) over the last 6.5 Ma (mill

Lu Sun,1 Guang Hong,2,3 Hiroyuki Matsui,1 Yun-Jia Song,1 Keiichi Sasaki1 1Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; 2Division for Globalization Initiative, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; 3Department of Prosthodo